You haven’t seen home in 3 days, and the thing is . . . you aren’t sure your home is actually still there. The bombing has been relentless for nights. One of the reports you read indicates one hit very, very close to your street.
Recently, you whole existence seems to be defined by a warren of passageways and rooms just a few feet below the ground. You’ve been awake for 18 hours now, and you’ll be spending another night in the dormitory here. The mad clatter of typing gets suddenly louder as someone opens a door.
The air, heavy with cigarette smoke, is stale in other ways that have become normal: a combination of food smells lingering from supper a couple of hours ago, and a tinge of the latrine that never seems to quite go away. But he’s here — you’re sure of it. There’s the unmistakable odor of a cigar somewhere close. And that always means the PM is nearby . . .
I visited the Churchill War Rooms when I was last in London. I had planned to write about the War Rooms later this spring, but after seeing Darkest Hour yesterday — I can think of little else. It immediately took me back to my exploration of the underground complex where the leaders of the British Government directed WWII.
It doesn’t take much to imagine yourself on staff and part of this extraordinary period in history.
Yes. We all think we understand how horrific the bombing of Britain was, but the gulf between an academic understanding, and a personal knowledge is vast. Look at the map below showing the sites of all the bombs dropped between October 7, 1940, and June 6, 1941.
Chilling, isn’t it?
There is something about the visual — all of those pins, all of those bombs, so thick at this zoom level that they all simply merge together in a massive red lump. The brilliance of this project is that on the Bomb Site Project, you can zoom in to the detail of each, single bomb strike, street by street, and bring up information and pictures.
As the 1930’s progressed and the situation in Europe deteriorated, many in the British government thought that having an alternative meeting site, protected from potential bombing, was imperative. But indeed, with budget cuts and a habit of continually putting the project off, there nearly wasn’t an underground war room. While the idea had been under discussion for some years, going back to 1933 when Hitler left the League of Nations, nothing had been done.
On March 12, 1938, German troops entered Austria to force its incorporation into the Nazi state. At this time, the British government “planned” to include an underground war room in the basement of a building that was to be constructed and completed in, perhaps, four years time.
On March 16, 1938, Colonel Hastings Ismay (Deputy Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence) felt sure hostilities were imminent, and there was no time to wait for new construction. He had available basement spaces surveyed, and by May 31, 1938, identified the basements under the New Public Offices (now the Treasury) on Great George Street as the ones best suited to their needs.
The intention was for this to be a temporary underground headquarters until something better could be built. Ismay assigned Brigadier Leslie Hollis to manage the conversion of the space into the central nervous system for a war-time government, and it was full steam ahead.
In September 1938, as Hitler threatened to annex Czechoslovakia, Ismay rushed into outfitting a ventilation system and reinforcing the ceilings of the basement rooms.
Then came the Munich Agreement: on September 30, 1938, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy reached an agreement that permitted German annexation of the Sudetenland in western Czechoslovakia.
While this agreement did little else beneficial, it bought time for the War Room project to be improved to the point it could actually be used. It took much of 1939 to convert what Hollis called ‘the hole in the ground’ to the set of facilities we see today. The first test meeting held in the War Rooms came on October 21, 1939.
May 10, 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister. Just a few days later, he went down into the underground complex to look at the Cabinet Room. The moment was later described by Brigadier Leslie Hollis:
As he looked around the empty room, the poignancy if the moment touched him. No one could say what the news would be within the hour, whether or not England was even then under her first invasion in a thousand years. The little group stood for a moment in silence under the humming fans, each thinking his own thoughts, and then Mr. Churchill took his cigar out of his mouth and pointed at the homely wooden chair at the head of the table. ‘This is the room from which I’ll direct the war,’ he said slowly.
The Main Corridor
What’s the weather like outside? You certainly don’t know if you’ve been below ground for any length of time. Check your handy weather indicator sign to the left — Fine and Warm today! And that’s a good thing isn’t it? Did you know that if it says “Windy” that’s a euphemism for heavy bombing in progress!
Cabinet Room
The War Cabinet met every day, sometimes twice a day, depending current circumstances.
“The morning meeting invariably starts with reports by the Services on the military situation, and by the Foreign Secretary on political developments.” — General Ismay
The Imperial War Museum chose to preserve the Cabinet Room the way it would have looked just before a meeting on October 15, 1940, when bombs had caused significant damage to 10 Downing Street the night before — an event that finally persuaded Churchill to meet regularly in the underground War Rooms.
Note the layout of the seating.
Churchill would have been seated in front of the map where his red dispatch box is, and the cabinet members in the other seats around the outside of the square.
The seats in the inside of the square? The hot seats, where heads of the Army, Navy, and Air Force would sit directly across from the PM to be grilled.
How would you feel staring eyeball to eyeball with Winston Churchill?
Map Room
One week before the war began, the first team of officers took their seats in the Map Room. As the central nervous system of all war planning the Map Room was never empty. Shifts of staff worked round the clock for six years . . . until the war was over and the entire War Room complex closed and locked.
The Map Room looks as it did at the end of the war, reflecting Allied positions in the hours before Japan’s surrender.
Churchill’s Room
Just next to the map room, you’ll find Churchill’s private room. While he spent only a handful of nights in his underground bedroom, he regularly used the room as an office before or after meetings with the War Cabinet. Churchill also took a number of his famous afternoon naps here. Additionally, four of his BBC broadcasts were made from the desk in this room.
You’ll find photographs of more of the rooms in the underground complex below, including the Chiefs of Staff room, Mrs. Churchill’s bedroom, as well as the Churchill’s kitchen and dining room.
In the fall of 1940, Churchill discovered that the War Rooms were not strong enough to survive a direct hit from a bomb. On his orders, a concrete slab was built between the basement ceiling and the floor of the building above, and other sections of the War Rooms were filled with concrete to make them more bomb-resistant.
End of the War
On Tuesday, August 16, 1945, the doors to the War Rooms were closed. Even then, the British government recognized the extraordinary historic value of the space. According to Asbury’s book the Secrets of Churchill’s War Rooms, impromptu tours of the space were happening as early as 1946, even though there were still top secret documents present. These were removed in 1947.
In the 1970’s, as many as 5,000 people were touring the War Rooms each year. With growing concern about the conservation of the site and its contents, the IWM (Imperial War Museum) finally took steps to turn the space into a museum. On April 4, 1984, the Churchill War Rooms officially opened to the public.
Darkest Hour and the War Rooms
Joe Wright’s film Darkest Hour starring Gary Oldman as Churchill has been roundly acclaimed by both historians and film critics. This is one of my favorite films of 2017, and is now on my list of best WWII films ever made.
Scenes from the film take place in Parliament, and 10 Downing Street of course, but nearly four weeks of filming happened in the War Rooms, which were painstakingly reproduced by designer Sarah Greenwood at Ealing Studios in London.
In an interview with Mental Floss magazine, Greenwood said, “I designed [the War Rooms set], drew up the rough plans and everything over a weekend, and when I showed it to Joe, he was just like—and this is very rare—he was like, ‘Yep, that’s great.’ There were very few changes that we made to that,” Greenwood says. “And I think that came from knowing what it was going to be like. Because we’d been to the real War Rooms, we knew what we were trying to capture.”
If you want to get a sense of Churchill in these spaces, the Darkest Hour is the perfect film to watch before a visit to the War Rooms.
Two thoughtful reviews of Darkest Hour are available here: RogerEbert.com and the review in The Atlantic.
[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtJ60u7SUSw?rel=0]
Information for Visiting the Churchill War Rooms
How long should you spend at the Churchill War Rooms?
I would say, at minimum, plan for a visit of 90 minutes. For those with a great interest in WWII, you could easily spend half a day.
In addition to the War Rooms, your admission gets you into the Churchill Museum, an award winning interactive museum about the life and times of Winston Churchill. You’ll find the entrance to the Churchill Museum on your tour of the War Rooms. On my visit, due to time constraints, I focused on the War Rooms. For more information, visit the Churchill Museum information here.
If you do want to spend several hours here, the War Rooms has a Cafe that is quite good. They serve tarts, stews, a variety of salads, and sandwiches. Conveniently located partway through the War Room path, it’s a great place to rest and ready yourself for more time exploring.
Cost
Tickets to visit the Churchill War Rooms are priced two ways: purchased day of visit, most expensive £21 – Adult — (bought ahead online £18.90), £10.50 – child, 5 – 15 — (bought ahead online£9.45), as of January 2018. There is family pricing that varies depending on the number of adults.
Seeing the War Rooms for less money: If you are doing general sightseeing around London, consider buying a London Pass that gives entry t0 over 70 attractions, including the Churchill War Rooms. Also included is a one day hop-on hop-off bus pass.
You can buy the pass in 1 day up to 6 day lengths. The London Pass is sold by a number of vendors. I recommend reading about the pass on the official London Pass site and then compare prices at Viator (London Pass on Viator), where I found the best price. Viator also gives you the option of purchasing the London Pass in conjunction with an Oyster Card for travel on the red buses and London Underground.
As you compare prices, keep in mind that on the official site, prices are in British Pounds, so you’ll need to convert them to compare value.
Location
You’ll find the entrance to the Churchill War Rooms at the bottom of the Clive Steps. See the map below for directions.
[googlemaps https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m14!1m8!1m3!1d9934.39791840335!2d-0.1293287!3d51.502217!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x0%3A0xcd8d10d8b2cf95e4!2sChurchill+War+Rooms!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sus!4v1516635198523&w=400&h=300]
Other Tips for seeing the War Rooms
During the summer and other high-travel seasons, the Churchill War Rooms will be crowded. Very crowded. It’s a tight warren-like maze of hallways and rooms, and it’s a big tourist draw, so it simply makes sense to be there when they open.
If you are a World War II buff, then the Churchill War Rooms should be on your short list of places to visit in London. If your significant other and/or children aren’t interested, do yourself a favor. DITCH THEM. Send them off to do something they like, then go get your Churchill on! All of you will be happy you did . . .
Interested in WWII Planes?
Onboard the B-17 Flying Fortress
Beautiful: The slow drone of four radial piston engines on a crystal clear November morning as I stepped back in time with this great warbird. This morning, I drove out to a small airport north of Houston for a bucket list experience.
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[…] Darkest Hour: Visiting the Churchill War Rooms […]
I really enjoyed reading this post to learn about the War Rooms. I’ve never been to England, but when I visit (someday), I’d like to prioritize seeing them. I’m currently reading the book _The Darkest Hour_, and after I finish it, I’m looking forward to seeing the movie. Thank you for sharing this slice of history with us!
– Dana
Pittsburgh, PA
http://www.SureFootedTravel.com
This is fascinating!! I had no interest in seeing the movie until I read your post. That map with the pins in it is shocking! I reminded me so much of the Bomb Shelter tour I took in Machester, England. I remember getting the sense that I cannot imagine what it must have been like to live with the constant threat of airstrikes. And I hope I never have to! Great post!
I just watched that movie and it was great! I didn’t get to visit the Churchill War Rooms when I was in London before. It is now on my list to go in London next.
I really appreciate posts like these because they make me realize how wrong I was to skip certain attractions while traveling. We decided to forego the Churchill War Rooms on our two visits to London, and now I’m wishing we hadn’t. Like you said, the map of where all of the bombs hit in such a short period gave me the chills. I had to stop reading for a second and process the gravity of it all.
It’s so true – You can have an academic understanding of difficult events in history, but you never know how you would feel or react until you experience it. The War Rooms seem like a really interesting place to learn more about WWII and the bombings in Britain. Love all your useful tips about buying tickets too!
I love your writing Ann. The somber setting reminds me of visiting the Titan Missile Museum in Tucson Arizona. Being underground in a bunker with the fate of the free world at your finger tips. The bombing of London was an amazing period of history. At first, the threat of bombs crashed moral. Then, when people learned they could survive near misses, every bomb that dropped that didn’t kill you, made you feel emboldened against the NAZI threat. Churchill is one of my favorite personalities from WWII
I’m not sure what it says about me but I love WWII history. It’s equal parts disturbing and fascinating and I can’t get enough of it. I’d love to visit the Churchill War Room – I actually wasn’t even aware of it and you’re right, that graphic with all the red pins is chilling.
Visits like this are always the most meaningful. I had a similar feeling leaving the Anne Frank house. It’s interesting that the picture of the milk man was staged to send a message–I feel like we’re still doing some version of that today with social media.
I very much enjoyed the movie. I really want to visit this site – great write up. So much history, which hopefully stays as a reminder for today and the future.
It was a great movie, wasn’t it? And — Yes. The insanity of the fascists should be front and center on our minds, always. Such an evil, awful thing that came so close to engulfing all of us.
I visited the Churchill War Room in 2009 and was one of those people who enjoyed it for almost half a day. It was such an unusual museum and I would visit it again. I also need to see the movie!
I was there for a bit over two hours — barely walked through the Churchill Museum part. I would definitely go back; I found it fascinating . . . and yes, you should see Darkest Hour. Great on so many levels.